U569  Modern Inner Mongolia
Lecture, Tuesday, Week 8

 

  1. Republican policy in Inner Mongolia
    1. Five nationalities
      1. Han, Manchu, Mongol, Tibetan, Hui:  five colored flag
      2. Not connected to any idea of different gov't or distinct homelands
      3. Mongol, Tibetan regions, laws accepted in practice, not in theory
    2. Yuan Shikai and the "Beiyang" Militarists
      1. Yuan Shikai (r. 1912-1916), president, dictator
      2. Qing official, New Policies implementor
      3. Base in northern New Policies army; against southern party politicians
    3. Militarization and civil war
      1. Repeated civil wars; opposition by provinces declaring independence
      2. Demand for soldiers increases, their leverage increases
      3. By 1917, land tax being spent locally on armies, officers recruit own men
      4. Gov't take, interference up, but centralization, competence down
    4. Warlords in Inner Mongolia
      1. Manchuria base for Zhang Zuolin, other try to use IM as base
      2. That means:  colonization, cash crops, continued cooptation of jasags
      3. Breakdown in law and order; banditry endemic; self-defense vital
  2. Nationalist "Great Revolution," 1923-1928
    1. What's it all about?
      1. Resolve paradox:  increase gov't  power and competence/insulation
      2. Pro-party, pro-ideology, anti-constitutional, anti-parliamentary
        1. Parliaments let social elites interfere with/control gov't
    2. Kuomintang (Guomindang, MKT) allies with soviet Union, Communists
      1. 1921:  formed by Moscow's Communist International
        1. Chinese radicals discouraged; Comintern > money, org., boundaries
      2. MKT allies with Soviet Union, and also with CCP
      3. Nov. 1924; Soviet Union brings on civil war victor Feng Yuxiang
      4. Feng is Inner Mongolian warlord and sympathetic to Great Rev.
  3. Young Mongols and Vigilantes, 1919-1928
    1. "Young Mongols" support radical solution of New Policies paradox
      1. Born in "New Schools" environment, New Policies good, but badly done
      2. Kharachins, Kheshigtens, Khorchin Left, Daurs, Chakhar, Höhhot Tümeds
      3. Mongolian-Tibetan School in Beijing:  students key activists
    2. Early "Young Mongol" movements
      1. 1919:  Daurs join Buriats in Dauriia St. pan-Mongolian movement
      2. 1919:  Kharachins, Chakhars join KMT parliaments
    3. 1921:  Mongolian People's Republic established by Soviet Red army
      1. Bolsheviks seen as anti-autonomy, delays the impact
      2. By 1923:  Hulun Buir has pro-MPR party
      3. Pan-Mongolist ideas widespread
    4. People's Revolutionary Party of Inner Mongolia/IM KMT
      1. Umbrella organization, formed by Communist International
      2. Allied with KMT, Soviet Union, MPR, autonomist, not Pan Mongolist
      3. Allies with duguilangs, local self-def orgs in Ordos, Ulaanchab
  4. The KMT regime, 1928-1931 in IM
    1. KMT-Soviet split
      1. MKT's leader, Chiang Kai-shek turns against Communists, Soviets
      2. Split starts April, 1927, new MKT consensus, Jan. 1928
      3. Inner Mongolian party splits, March, 1927 to Oct. 1927
      4. Issues:  "peasant," labor issues; how much insulation from social elite?
    2. KMT regime in Inner Mongolia
      1. MKT conquers North China, spring-summer 1928
        1. Regime's heart in lower Yangtze valley (Nanjing new capital)
      2. Warlords (Feng, Yan Xishan, Zhang Xueliang) coopted, not eliminated
      3. Drought, famine, Mongol rebellions, summer 1928
      4. Inner Mongolia policy:  identical to warlord policy (paradox continued)