U569  Modern Inner Mongolia
Lecture, Thursday, Week 2

 

  1. Emperor--Manchu ruler--religious and family ties
    1. Titles:  Ejen Khaan, Bogda Khaan
      1. Imperial grace to unworthy subjects
    2. Protocol and imperial audiences
      1. Imperial audiences, triennial for outer jasags, annual for inner jasags
      2. Mongol officials pay tribute, receive salaries (according to rank)
    3. Historical ties to Mongols
      1. 1636, Yuan seal handed over to Manchus, Qing dynasty proclaimed
      2. Kharachins, Khorchins joined early, favored among Mongol jasags
        1. Often received imperial princesses (Khalkha less common)
        2. Princesses come with inju "dowry" of Beijing Manchus
    4. Religious ties
      1. Manchu emperors were themselves incarnations of Manjushri
      2. Manchu emperors were also patrons of Buddhism
  2. General Manchu administration, garrison banners, Li fan yuan, ambans
    1. Unifying institution:  the Eight Banners system (…autonomous banners)
      1. Garrisoned all over the empire:  China, Mongolia, Xinjiang, Tibet
        1. Officials of 8 Banner origin only ones serving all over empire
      2. Manchu core, Mongols and Chinese
        1. 1723:  23% Manchu, 9% Mongol, 68% Chinese-martial
      3. Organization in theory meritocratic (not hereditary)
    2. Li Fan Yuan:  "Administering Barbarian/Dependencies Court"
      1. Staffed by Eight-Banners officials
      2. Kept genealogies, confirmed all positions above tusalagchi
      3. Compiled new code on largely Chinese principles
      4. Ranked banner jasags, promoted and demoted them
  3. Banner administration
    1. Banners subdivided:  khariya and sumu (in theory 150 men to a sumu)
    2. Banner yamen:  five offices under jasag
      1. Yamen office and prince's palace next door
      2. 2 Administrators (tusalagchi), 1 adjutant (jakhirugchi), 2 deputy-adjutant (meiren)
      3. Khariya heads on up: appointed by jasag directly
    3. Taxes
      1. Mostly non-monetary; corvee and in-kind payments
      2. No budget; specific revenue sources designated for specific tasks
      3. Soon, revenue from renting resources exceed taxes on members
    4. Property:  land and sub-soil resources under banner, animals private
    5. Conflict:  not rich vs. poor or taiji vs. commoner, but yamen vs. non-yamen