U569 Modern Inner Mongolia
Lecture, Tuesday, Week 10

 

  1. Underground radicalism in the Japanese occupation
    1. Conflict of youth and older authorities
      1. Japanese ideology:  mix of modernity and romantic reaction
      2. Higher authorities "feudals," lower officials "Younger Mongols"
    2. Graduates of KUTV in many influential positions
      1. Frequent spy scandals (Lingsheng case, Manila case), etc.
    3. Young Mongol ideology deepens, spreads
      1. Schools:  formal and informal indoctrination in Mongol nationalism
      2. Involves Juu Uda, Khinggan, Naun Muren
      3. 1945 very different from 1931:  leftist pan-Mongolism widespread
  2. International Context:  United Nations coalition strategy during the way
    1. KMT strategy during the war
      1. KMT spent war years in Sichuan, expanded frontier awareness
      2. late war years, KMT policy liberalizes, self-det. reappears
      3. After 1941, military passivity, inflation, dependency>>low prestige
    2. Chinese Communist Policy during the war
      1. 1935 on:  in Yan'an, near Inner Mongolia
      2. Moscow-trained Höhhot Tümeds had become party's mainstay
        1. PRPIM formally dissolved 1933, activists "traded" to CCP
      3. To 1935 supported self-det.; from 1935 on, Chinese patriotism
      4. CCP active in all occupied countryside; only railways, cities untouched
    3. Both CCP and KMT totally unprepared for strength of IM nationalism
    4. Moscow and Chongqing/Chungking and the Sino-Soviet treaty
      1. 1944:  Stalin plans to re-enter Far East (annexes Tuva)
      2. Soviet invasion of Manchuria, N. Japan planned
      3. Yalta, Stalin's pressure>>Chiang Kai-shek has to recognize MPR
        1. Main fear is Stalin will put CCP in charge of Manchuria
      4. Stalin lets Choibalsang stir up irredentism as bargaining chip
  3. Soviet-Mongolian invasion:  colossal success against weak resistance (Aug. '45)
    1. Distribution of forces and propagandists
      1. Soviet army:  east, central IM; MPR reps in Sh-G, Chakhar, HB
      2. Autonomous gov'ts early set up in Sh-G Chakhar and HB (mid. Sept. '45)
    2. Chinese response:  KMT passivity, CCP initiative
      1. KMT totally ignorant of IM situation, waits for Stalin to hand over Manchuria
      2. CCP starts mass movement of cadres, troops in Manchuria
      3. CCP takes over Sh-G/Chakhar gov't, Soviets acquiesce (Oct., 1945)
      4. CCP's new line:  federalism, high-level aut., pro-Soviet, pro-MPR
        1. Wulanfu:  CCP's man in IM (Tümed, joined 1925, Moscow-trained)
        2. FIMAM:  CCP front (party membership secret 'till after 1949)
  4. Autonomous Regimes in Manchuria (East Mongolia)
    1. Situation:  Wartime destruction, revolutionary climate, no law and order, plague
      1. Everywhere Soviets say recognized gov'ts should be retained
        1. Sympathetic to leftist forces, but no explicit recognition
      2. In Khinggan regions:  Mongol governments (with Chinese majority)
    2. East Mongols:  proclaimed revived PRPIM, some Soviet support
      1. October on, local collaboration with CCP; KMT supporters anti-Mongol
      2. Congress, new gov't in Jan. 1945, pressure from KMT and CCP
        1. CCP applies "salami tactics" to Mongol allies
    3. April, 1946:  merger with CCP, party and gov't join
      1. Summer, 1946, big KMT push and KMT guerillas
      2. Blunted by Nov. 1946, Manchuria cleared of KMT by 1948
    4. CCP proclaims IMAG:  one of coalition of CCP-controlled regimes
      1. High level of (seeming) autonomy:  PM, Ikh Khural, ministries, etc.
      2. Resistance:  anti-CCP pan-Mongolists, pro-KMT vigilantes, struggle-objects